Pamela Robinson-Durso, "Chaplains in the Confederate Army. Ninety-three amendments to the Confederate States Constitution have been proposed by the several States and sent to conventions of the States for ratification since the Constitution was put into operation on February 22, 1861. [346] Other Southern cities in the border slave-holding states such as Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Wheeling, Alexandria, Louisville, and St. Louis never came under the control of the Confederate government. Paskoff, Paul F. "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy". "The Women Left Behind: Transformation of the Southern Belle, 1840–1880" (2000), Cashin, Joan E. "Torn Bonnets and Stolen Silks: Fashion, Gender, Race, and Danger in the Wartime South. The war lacked a formal end, with Confederate forces surrendering or disbanding sporadically throughout most of 1865. [277] Key issues throughout the life of the Confederacy related to (1) suspension of habeas corpus, (2) military concerns such as control of state militia, conscription and exemption, (3) economic and fiscal policy including impressment of slaves, goods and scorched earth, and (4) support of the Jefferson Davis administration in its foreign affairs and negotiating peace.[278]. "Most surprising of all, the Confederacy at a greater rate than the North arrested persons who held opposition political views at least in part because they held them, despite the Confederacy's vaunted lack of political parties. The railroad system in the South had developed as a supplement to the navigable rivers to enhance the all-weather shipment of cash crops to market. The biggest spike in Confederate memorials came during the early 1900s, soon after Southern states enacted a number of sweeping laws to disenfranchise Black Americans and segregate society. Although they referred to their "Revolution", it was in their eyes more a counter-revolution against changes away from their understanding of U.S. founding documents. A map can be really a symbolic depiction highlighting connections between pieces of a distance, including objects, locations, or themes. The Montgomery Convention to establish the Confederacy and its executive met on February 4, 1861. The Confederate government sent James M. Mason to London and John Slidell to Paris. [224] For the remainder of the war fighting was restricted inside the South, resulting in a slow but continuous loss of territory. They were inaugurated on February 22, 1862. Nothing came of it. It is generally counted as an "original state" of the Confederacy. [285][286], With the chaos of the war, a working postal system was more important than ever for the Confederacy. [138] England was not about to go to war with the U.S. to acquire more cotton at the risk of losing the large quantities of food imported from the North. Rate 5 stars Rate 4 stars Rate 3 stars Rate 2 stars Rate 1 star . [103] Although slave-holding Delaware and Maryland did not secede, citizens from those states exhibited divided loyalties. Historians have praised his practical mind and his "energy and intelligence...in a degree scarcely matched by any of his associates. Following Sumter, Lincoln directed states to provide 75,000 troops for three months to recapture the Charleston Harbor forts and all other federal property. [331] In the Old South, being an "old maid" was something of an embarrassment to the woman and her family, but after the war, it became almost a norm. Even once–respected voices, including the Chief Justice of South Carolina, John Belton O'Neall, lost election to the Secession Convention on a Cooperationist ticket. Rable (1994) pp. [149], Several European nations maintained diplomats in place who had been appointed to the U.S., but no country appointed any diplomat to the Confederacy. The CSA was overwhelmingly rural. [147], John Slidell, the Confederate States emissary to France, did succeed in negotiating a loan of $15,000,000 from Erlanger and other French capitalists. Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record-keeping of the time, there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army. During the winter of 1862–63, Lee observed that none of his famous victories had resulted in the destruction of the opposing army. [22][23] Confederate nationalism prepared men to fight for "the Cause". Bartek, James M. "The Rhetoric of Destruction: Racial Identity and Noncombatant Immunity in the Civil War Era." [70] In his inaugural address Lincoln endorsed the proposed amendment. At the onset of the Civil War the South had a rail network disjointed and plagued by changes in track gauge as well as lack of interchange. [223] The Confederacy won a significant victory April 1863, repulsing the Federal advance on Richmond at Chancellorsville, but the Union consolidated positions along the Virginia coast and the Chesapeake Bay. For example, the Presbyterian Church in the United States split, with much of the new leadership provided by Joseph Ruggles Wilson (father of President Woodrow Wilson). The cash came from exports but the Southern people spontaneously stopped exports in early 1861 to hasten the impact of "King Cotton", a failed strategy to coerce international support for the Confederacy through its cotton exports. [255], Despite political differences within the Confederacy, no national political parties were formed because they were seen as illegitimate. [218], In an attempt to seize the initiative, reprovision, protect farms in mid-growing season and influence U.S. Congressional elections, two major Confederate incursions into Union territory had been launched in August and September 1862. [61], William L. Yancey, Alabama Fire-Eater, "The Orator of Secession", William Henry Gist, Governor of South Carolina, called the Secessionist Convention, Many secessionists were active politically. Railroads of different gauges leading to the same city required all freight to be off-loaded onto wagons for transport to the connecting railroad station, where it had to await freight cars and a locomotive before proceeding. Plantations in the path of Sherman's forces were severely damaged. The most notable advance was Sherman's "March to the Sea" in late 1864. Blumenthal, Henry. The executive committee of the constitutional convention called the members together in July. Beringer, Richard E., Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still Jr. Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds. The money went to buy ironclad warships, as well as military supplies that came in with blockade runners. [137][page needed] Neither secured diplomatic recognition for the Confederacy, much less military assistance. [235], Historian Gary Gallagher concluded that the Confederacy capitulated in early 1865 because northern armies crushed "organized southern military resistance". Even before Fort Sumter, U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward issued formal instructions to the American minister to Britain, Charles Francis Adams: [Make] no expressions of harshness or disrespect, or even impatience concerning the seceding States, their agents, or their people, [those States] must always continue to be, equal and honored members of this Federal Union, [their citizens] still are and always must be our kindred and countrymen.[128]. Confederates were citizens of both the confederal republic and of the state in which they resided, due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the Confederate government. W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy". Those remaining elected majors and colonels whose performance led to officer review boards in October. The original seven southern states were South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas, followed by the upper south (Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and North Carolina). The Commonwealth is an example of a confederation born as the result of the decentralization and eventual disintegration of an empire. The Southern leaders met in Montgomery, Alabama, to write their constitution. They would serve only in units and under officers of their state. [292][293] Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army. Like Washington's equestrian statue honoring him at. ", W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Presbyterians in the Confederacy. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas declared their secession (independence) from the United States. Civil War Map Union And Confederate States – blank civil war map union and confederate states, civil war map showing union and confederate states, civil war map union and confederate states, civil war map with union confederate and border states, . States with the most Confederate memorials #1. Confederate States; Alabama: Arkansas: Florida: Georgia: Louisiana: Mississippi: North Carolina: South Carolina: Tennessee: Texas: Virginia Historian Daniel W. Crofts disagrees with McPherson. [173] On April 17, President Davis called on privateer raiders, the "militia of the sea", to make war on U.S. seaborne commerce. [297][298], The plantations that enslaved over three million black people were the principal source of wealth. [316], The Confederate government took over the three national mints in its territory: the Charlotte Mint in North Carolina, the Dahlonega Mint in Georgia, and the New Orleans Mint in Louisiana. The Restored Government of Virginia later recognized the new state of West Virginia, which was admitted to the Union during the war on June 20, 1863, and relocated to Alexandria for the rest of the war. [131], On the part of the Confederacy, immediately following Fort Sumter the Confederate Congress proclaimed that "war exists between the Confederate States and the Government of the United States, and the States and Territories thereof". He refused to send his soldiers to the East. The Confederacy's civilian government also disintegrated in a chaotic manner: the Confederate States Congress effectively ceased to exist as a legislative body following its final adjournment sine die on March 18 while Confederate President Jefferson Davis's administration declared the Confederacy dissolved on May 5,[5][12] and Davis himself acknowledged in later writings that the Confederacy "disappeared" in 1865. In May, Federal troops crossed into Confederate territory along the entire border from the Chesapeake Bay to New Mexico. Davis, William C. and James I. Robertson Jr., eds. ", Chesson, Michael B. The Davis administration considered the war purely defensive, a "simple demand that the people of the United States would cease to war upon us". The Civil War (1861-1865) was a conflict between the United States of America (also known as the Union), and the Confederate States of America (also known as the Confederacy). Coulter, "Confederate States of America", p. 22. It was originally formed by seven slave states — South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas — in the Lower South region of the United States whose regional economy was… [308] Many lines had to lay off employees; many critical skilled technicians and engineers were permanently lost to military service. Keegan, John. Not only did national political parties split, but national churches and interstate families as well divided along sectional lines as the war approached. De Bow's "The Interest of Slavery of the Southern Non-slaveholder". [348], Most large denominations experienced a North–South split in the prewar era on the issue of slavery. Over half of the American Indian troops participating in the Civil War from the Indian Territory supported the Confederacy; troops and one general were enlisted from each tribe. In November 1863, Mann met Pope Pius IX in person and received a letter supposedly addressed "to the Illustrious and Honorable Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America"; Mann had mistranslated the address. [216] Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory placed his hopes in a European-built ironclad fleet, but they were never realized. On February 22, 1862, the Confederate States Constitution of seven state signatories – Mississippi, South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas – replaced the Provisional Constitution of February 8, 1861, with one stating in its preamble a desire for a "permanent federal government". The government did set up munitions factories in the Deep South. [227] Commodore Tattnall again unsuccessfully attempted to break the Union blockade on the Savannah River in Georgia with an ironclad in 1863. By March 1865 conscription was to be administered by generals of the state reserves calling out men over 45 and under 18 years old. As Rable concludes, "For Stephens, the essence of patriotism, the heart of the Confederate cause, rested on an unyielding commitment to traditional rights" without considerations of military necessity, pragmatism or compromise. Thus, in 1865, a modified version of the Stainless Banner was adopted. This database includes lists and narrative reports reporting casualties sustained by Confederate Army units during the war. [240], Davis was indicted for treason but never tried; he was released from prison on bail in May 1867. [294] By "Juneteenth" (June 19, 1865, in Texas), the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and had liberated all its slaves. Initially substitutes were permitted, but by December 1863 these were disallowed. [324][325][326][327], By the end of the war deterioration of the Southern infrastructure was widespread. Because only three days elapsed before Lincoln issued the proclamation, the two events viewed retrospectively, appear almost simultaneous. [126], In Texas, local officials harassed Unionists and engaged in large-scale massacres against Unionists and Germans. This "Cause" supported, or derived from, cultural and financial dependence on the South's slavery-based economy. Outside investment was essential, especially in railroads. The Southern Baptists started in 1862 and had a total of 78 missionaries. [283], When the war began, the US Post Office still delivered mail from the secessionist states for a brief period of time. A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot.". Historians have not estimated what their actual population was when Union forces arrived. Confederate money was paper and postage stamps.[319]. Texas. The First Congress met in four sessions in Richmond from February 18, 1862, to February 17, 1864. [152][153], Nevertheless, the Confederacy was seen internationally as a serious attempt at nationhood, and European governments sent military observers, both official and unofficial, to assess whether there had been a de facto establishment of independence. Once war with the United States began, the Confederacy pinned its hopes for survival on military intervention by Great Britain and France. Senator James Chesnut, Jr. resigned, as did Senator James Henry Hammond. [17], Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions adopting the forms of state governments without control of substantial territory or population in either case. Before the war between the Union and the Confederacy fully erupted, the only states that associated themselves with the Confederacy were South Carolina , Mississippi , Georgia , Texas , Louisiana , and Florida . Many had served in the Mexican–American War (including Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis), but some such as Leonidas Polk (who graduated from West Point but did not serve in the Army) had little or no experience. [169] Again in mid-1863 at his incursion into Pennsylvania, Lee requested of Davis that Beauregard simultaneously attack Washington with troops taken from the Carolinas. [352] Other elites were Presbyterians belonging to the 1861-founded Presbyterian Church in the United States. February 28, 1861, Congress authorized Davis to accept state militias into national service. In 1865, after four years of heavy fighting and 620,000–850,000 military deaths,[10][11] all Confederate land and naval forces either surrendered or otherwise ceased hostilities. It was passed by the 36th Congress on March 2, 1861. Volumes of material have been written about the Blockade runners who evaded Union ships on blockade patrol, usually at night, and who moved cargo and mail in and out of the Confederate States throughout the course of the war. [151] The Confederacy appointed Ambrose Dudley Mann as special agent to the Holy See on September 24, 1863. Only in mid-1863 did the Confederate government initiate a national policy, and it was confined solely to aiding the war effort. A tax increase might disillusion many Southerners, so the Confederacy resorted to printing more money. Rains, Conscription Bureau chief, April 1862 – May 1863, Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, military recruiter under Bragg, then J.E. Of particular interest to students and historians of the American Civil War is Prisoner of War mail and Blockade mail as these items were often involved with a variety of military and other war time activities. There the fundamental documents of government were promulgated, a provisional government was established, and a representative Congress met for the Confederate States of America. In addition to exposing the reality of America's shameful and sinful chattel slavery—some were fugitive slaves—they put the lie to the Confederate position that negroes were "unintellectual, timid, and dependant",[142] and "not equal to the white man...the superior race," as it was put by Confederate Vice-President Alexander H. Stephens in his famous Cornerstone Speech. [104] But overall, 24,000 men from Maryland joined the Confederate armed forces, compared to 63,000 who joined Union forces. Entries are listed by initial year of service descending. During the First Battle of Bull Run, (First Manassas) it sometimes proved difficult to distinguish the Stars and Bars from the Union flag. Marcus H. MacWillie served in both Confederate Congresses as Arizona's delegate. As more states joined, more stars were added, until the total was 13 (two stars were added for the divided states of Kentucky and Missouri). However, by comparing slight differences in the dies specialists can distinguish 1861-O half dollars that were minted either under the authority of the U.S. government, the State of Louisiana, or finally the Confederate States. Yancey toured the North calling for secession as Stephen A. Douglas toured the South calling for union in the event of Lincoln's election. [211] The three pockets of unoccupied Confederacy were southern Virginia – North Carolina, central Alabama – Florida, and Texas, the latter two areas less from any notion of resistance than from the disinterest of Federal forces to occupy them. The British investors' goal was to get highly profitable cotton. The Senate had two per state, twenty-six Senators. [311] Mules pulled the wagons. Railroads tied plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport and so made supply more dependable, lowered costs and increased profits. The Permanent Congress for the Confederacy followed the United States forms with a bicameral legislature. Both Braxton Bragg's invasion of Kentucky and Lee's invasion of Maryland were decisively repulsed, leaving Confederates in control of but 63% of its population. The Permanent Constitution provided for a President of the Confederate States of America, elected to serve a six-year term but without the possibility of re-election. In 1862 the Confederate New Mexico Campaign to take the northern half of the U.S. territory failed and the Confederate territorial government in exile relocated to San Antonio, Texas. Because our textbooks and monuments are wrong", "Secession Acts of the Thirteen Confederate States", "South Carolina documents including signatories", Lincoln's calling-up of the militia of the several States, "Marx and Engels on the American Civil War", "Background of the Confederate States Constitution", Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War, "The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory", "Letter from Professor Wm. Every Confederate state was affected, but most of the war was fought in Virginia and Tennessee, while Texas and Florida saw the least military action. [2] In a speech known today as the Cornerstone Address, Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens described its ideology as being centrally based "upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition".[7]. Although it was never officially adopted by the Confederate government, the popularity of the Southern Cross among both soldiers and the civilian population was a primary reason why it was made the main color feature when a new national flag was adopted in 1863.